Color Blindness

Color blindness (color vision deficiency) affects roughly 1 in 12 men and 1 in 200 women worldwide — around 300 million people. It is caused by missing or malfunctioning cone cells in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.

The most common forms are Protanopia (reduced red sensitivity), Deuteranopia (reduced green sensitivity), and Tritanopia (reduced blue sensitivity). Rare cases involve complete absence of color perception, known as achromatopsia.

People with color blindness often struggle with everyday tasks: reading colored maps, traffic signals, food expiry labels, or on-screen UI elements that rely solely on color to convey meaning. Proper design — using shapes, patterns, and text alongside color — makes the world more accessible.